What is compost? Learn its types, benefits, preparation methods, and how compost is transforming Indian agriculture. Complete 2025 guide for organic farmers.
Introduction: What is Compost and Why is it Crucial?
Compost, often referred to as “black gold”, is a nutrient-rich organic matter produced by the decomposition of plant and animal waste. It is a vital component of organic farming, enhancing soil health, improving crop yield, and reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers.
In today’s agrochemical-dominated world, compost offers a low-cost, eco-friendly, and sustainable solution to rejuvenate soil and restore the natural balance.
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What is Compost?
Definition and Core Components
Compost is decomposed organic material derived from green waste (vegetable peels, leaves, grass) and brown waste (dry leaves, husk, sawdust). It is rich in:
Nitrogen (N) – from green waste
Carbon (C) – from brown waste
Microorganisms – which break down organic matter
Moisture and Air – to aid microbial activity
How to Make Compost – Step-by-Step Process
Materials Required
Green Waste – vegetable peels, green leaves, grass
Brown Waste – dry leaves, cardboard, sawdust
Cow dung or Old Compost – for microorganisms
Water – to maintain 60% moisture
Soil – to support microbial balance
Common Composting Methods
1. Pit Method
Dig a pit (3ft deep, 5ft wide)
Layer green and brown waste alternately
Add cow dung or soil on each layer
Turn every 10–15 days
Compost ready in 45–60 days
2. Heap Method
Make open piles on flat land
Layer waste properly
Cover with jute sacks or straw
Maintain moisture and turn periodically
3. Vermicomposting
Earthworms break down organic matter
High-quality compost in 30–40 days
Requires shade, water, and regular maintenance
Types of Compost
1. Organic Compost
Made from 100% plant and animal waste. Suitable for certified organic farming.
2. Vermicompost
Produced with the help of earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Rich in micronutrients and microbial life.
3. Farmyard Compost
Made from crop residues, cow dung, and straw. Commonly used in traditional agriculture.
4. Kitchen Waste Compost
Prepared from daily kitchen waste – ideal for home gardens and urban farming.
Uses of Compost
In Agriculture
Enhances soil fertility
Reduces soil erosion
Boosts crop yields naturally
In Gardening
Improves potting mix
Increases water-holding capacity
Reduces use of synthetic fertilizers
In Landscaping & Reforestation
Aids plant survival in poor soils
Restores degraded land
Encourages tree plantation
Benefits of Using Compost
invironmental Benefits
Reduces landfill waste
Mitigates greenhouse gas emissions
Promotes biodiversity in soil
Economic Benefits
Cuts down on fertilizer expenses
Increases long-term soil productivity
Adds value to farm waste
Agronomic Benefits
Strengthens plants' immunity
Improves soil structure
Stimulates beneficial microbial life
Compost’s Role from a Scientific Perspective
Supplies Micronutrients
Compost naturally provides Zinc, Boron, Iron, and Copper that are often absent in synthetic fertilizers.
Enhances Soil Texture and Water Holding
It turns compacted soil into porous, aerated, and well-draining medium – perfect for root development.
Increases Microbial Activity
Compost acts as a microbial booster – enabling natural nutrient cycles within the soil.
Compost vs. Chemical Fertilizers – A Comparison
ParameterCompostChemical Fertilizers
Nutrient Range | Balanced, Micro & MacroMostly NPK Only
Environmental Impact | PositiveNegative (soil, water)
Cost | LowHigh (recurring)
Soil Health | ImprovesDepletes over time
Long-term Benefits | SustainableTemporary growth boost
How to Make Compost at Home?
DIY Home Composting Steps
Get a compost bin or use a plastic container
Add kitchen waste like fruit/vegetable peels
Add equal amount of dry waste like paper or dry leaves
Add used compost or soil to introduce microbes
Stir weekly to ensure air circulation
Compost is ready in 30–45 days
Composting Units for Rural Farmers
Set Up Through SHGs or FPOs
Government subsidies available under PKVY, RKVY
Small farmer groups can establish units and sell compost locally
Income Generation from Compost
Sell compost in bags ₹5–₹10 per kg
Vermicompost fetches even better price (₹15–₹25/kg)
1 ton compost can earn up to ₹3,000 or more
Composting Best Practices
Maintain C:N ratio close to 30:1
Ensure good aeration – turn pile regularly
Avoid plastic, oily food, bones, meat
Keep moisture at 60% – like a squeezed sponge
Shred larger items for quicker decomposition
Government Support and Compost Schemes
Subsidies for Compost Production
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)
State Horticulture Departments offer vermicompost setup grants
Training & Workshops
Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) conduct composting workshops
Farmers can approach district agriculture office
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
1. Does compost really increase yield?
Yes. Numerous studies prove compost use enhances soil fertility and crop productivity.
2. Can I mix compost with chemical fertilizers?
Yes, but it’s better to gradually reduce chemical inputs while increasing compost use.
3. How much compost is needed per acre?
Approximately 2–3 tons per acre depending on soil condition and crop type.
Conclusion: A Greener Future Starts with Compost
Compost is not just a fertilizer – it’s a solution for climate change, soil health, and sustainable farming. Whether you’re a small farmer or urban gardener, using compost reduces your carbon footprint and enhances productivity naturally.
Embrace composting – and turn your waste into wealth, your soil into gold.
suggested reading
1.How to Start Organic Farming in India
