Explore the complete guide to aquaculture and fish farming in India for 2025. Learn about profitable species, farming methods like biofloc & RAS, subsidies, and how to start your fish farm with high returns.
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Table of Contents
Introduction to Aquaculture
History and Growth of Fish Farming in India
Types of Aquaculture
Common Fish Species for Farming
Modern Fish Farming Techniques
Cost & Profit Analysis of Fish Farming
Step-by-Step Guide to Start a Fish Farm
Government Schemes & Subsidies (PMMSY 2025)
Fish Diseases and Their Management
Challenges in Aquaculture
Future of Aquaculture in India
Conclusion
1. Introduction to Aquaculture
Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, refers to the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish and other aquatic organisms under controlled conditions. With the growing global demand for protein-rich and low-fat food sources, aquaculture plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and economic development.
In India, the fisheries sector contributes more than 7% to agricultural GDP, employing over 28 million people. Whether it is inland fish farming, coastal shrimp culture, or biofloc tank farming, this sector has become one of the most profitable agri-businesses for Indian entrepreneurs.
2. History and Growth of Fish Farming in India
India’s aquaculture history began in the 1950s with the adoption of composite carp culture. Over the decades, it evolved through innovations like:
Composite fish culture (1980s)
Shrimp aquaculture boom (1990s)
Introduction of biofloc and RAS systems (post-2010)
Today, India is the 2nd largest fish producer in the world, with exports worth over Rs. 60,000 crore annually.
3. Types of Aquaculture
Aquaculture can be categorized into several types depending on water source and species:
TypeDescription
Inland AquacultureConducted in ponds, rivers, tanks – mostly freshwater fish
Brackish Water AquacultureDone in estuarine regions (shrimp, mullets, crabs)
Marine AquacultureOpen sea cage culture of tuna, sea bass, etc.
Integrated AquacultureFish raised along with crops, ducks, poultry
Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS)High-tech fish farming in closed tanks
Biofloc AquacultureMicrobial water treatment for high-yield production
4. Common Fish Species for Farming in India
Choosing the right species is crucial for profitability. Here are top choices:
Fish SpeciesFarming TypeMarket Value (per kg)Growth Rate
Rohu (Labeo rohita)Freshwater | ₹120–₹160Fast
CatlaFreshwater | ₹100–₹150Fast
TilapiaTank/Biofloc | ₹100–₹130Very Fast
PangasiusPond/RAS | ₹90–₹120Very Fast
Shrimp (Vannamei)Brackish/Marine | ₹400–₹600High
Ornamental FishAquarium culture | ₹10–₹500/fishNiche
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5. Modern Fish Farming Techniques
🧪 5.1 Biofloc Technology
A revolutionary technique using microbial floc in tanks to feed fish and purify water. Suitable for small spaces.
🔄 5.2 RAS (Recirculating Aquaculture System)
Water-efficient, closed-loop systems with filters and oxygen control. Ideal for urban & indoor farming.
🧩 5.3 Cage & Pen Culture
Used in reservoirs, rivers, and oceans. Fish are raised in floating cages or submerged pens.
🐤 5.4 Integrated Farming
Combines fish with duck, poultry, pig, or paddy farming – increasing income and reducing waste.
6. Cost & Profit Analysis of Fish Farming
ItemEstimated Cost (Per Acre)
Pond construction | ₹1,50,000
Seed stocking | ₹30,000
Fish feed | ₹60,000
Equipment & aeration | ₹40,000
Labour & maintenance | ₹30,000
Total Cost₹3,10,000
With proper management, annual income can reach ₹5,00,000–₹7,00,000 per acre.
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7. Step-by-Step Guide to Start Fish Farming
Site Selection – Soil & water testing
Pond/Tank Construction – Based on chosen method
Water Quality Management – pH, DO, ammonia
Seed Stocking – Use certified hatcheries
Feeding – Follow protein-rich diet chart
Health Management – Regular check-ups, medication
Harvesting & Marketing – Sell to local mandi/exporters
8. Government Schemes & Subsidies for Fish Farming (2025)
PMMSY – Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana
Subsidy up to 60% for SC/ST, women, and NE region
Loans via NABARD
Covered items: ponds, biofloc tanks, feed plants, ice plants
Other Benefits:
State-wise Fishery Departments offering training
Interest subsidies for cold storage, transport vehicles
Official Link to Apply PMMSY
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9. Common Fish Diseases and Their Management
DiseaseCauseSymptomTreatment
Ichthyophthirius (White Spot)Parasite | White dots, rubbingSalt + formalin bath
Fin rotBacterial | Torn fins, ulcersAntibiotic (Oxytetracycline)
Gill rotFungal | Gasping, sluggishPotassium permanganate
10. Challenges in Aquaculture
Poor water management
Lack of farmer training
Fish mortality due to overcrowding
Market fluctuations
Climate impact on water bodies
Solution: Govt training, biosecurity, digital monitoring apps (Fisheries App, AquaKrishi, etc.)
11. Future of Aquaculture in India
With increasing demand, aquaculture is expected to grow by 8–10% annually. New frontiers include:
Genetically Improved Fish (GIFT Tilapia)
Export-oriented shrimp zones
Fish farming in tribal and hilly areas
Digital aquaculture startups
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12. Conclusion
Aquaculture and fish farming offer huge potential for sustainable income in rural and semi-urban India. Whether through pond-based carp farming or urban RAS units, farmers can earn well with proper training, support, and planning.
With rising global protein demand and strong government support, fish farming is not just a business—it's the future of smart agriculture.
suggested reading
1. How to Start a Fish Farm – Step-by-Step Guide
2.Introduction to Fish Farming in India
